其他篇名 Alternative Title
Tsinghua Wuji Manuscript and the ideas of ghosts and gods in Confucianism, Mohism, Huang-Lao, and yin-yang school
摘要 Abstract
清華簡《五紀》由“天之五紀”推出人事的各種制度規範，並爲這些制度規範和人體各部位確立相應的神祇來掌控，鬼神是天道的輔助，《五紀》强調的是人事效法天道，天道和鬼神確保了人間制度規範的合理性和不可違逆。《五紀》中的“鬼”有時與“神”同義，又可用來解釋疾病産生的原因。儒家的鬼神觀與《五紀》差别較大。墨家“天志”和“明鬼”雖表面上與《五紀》鬼神思想有相通之處，但《五紀》中的天和神是自然之天和自然神，使人產生疾病的“鬼”也只是氣,這與墨家作爲宗教的天和鬼有所不同。《五紀》與黃老學都强調人事效法天道、人事不可違逆，也都認爲精氣不足會導致疾病，只是《五紀》將精氣不足視爲“鬼”的思想是黃老學所没有的。陰陽家“舍人事而任鬼神”的思想與《五紀》有根本的差别。《五紀》的成書較早，其鬼神思想近於黃老學，可能是黃老思想的來源之一。
Tsinghua Wuji Manuscript introduces a range of institutional norms for human affairs and establishes corresponding deities to govern these norms as well as different aspects of the human body. The ghosts and gods serve as auxiliaries to the Way of Heaven, while Wuji emphasize that human affairs should adhere to the Way of Heaven. Through their collaboration with the Way of Heaven, gods and ghosts ensure that the institutional norms in the human world are rational and immutable. The term “ghosts” in Wuji is occasionally employed interchangeably with “deities”, which can also serve as an explanatory factor for illnesses. The Confucian understanding of ghosts and gods differs significantly from that of Wuji. Although there is an apparent resemblance between Mohism’s concepts of “the will of Heaven” and “expounding the existence of ghosts” and that of Wuji, the heaven and the gods in Wuji refer to the celestial realm and divine entities found in nature, while the “ghosts” responsible for illnesses are simply qi, which distinguishes them from the celestial beings and spirits of Mohism as a religious belief. Both the Wuji and Huang-Lao School emphasized the importance of following the Way of Heaven and avoiding actions that go against it, while also recognizing that a deficiency in the essential qi can lead to illness. However, the Wuji viewed this deficiency as “ghosts”, which differed from the perspective of the Huang-Lao School. The yin-yang school’s concept of “abandoning human affairs in favor of ghosts and gods” differs fundamentally from the Wuji. It can be observed that the notion of ghosts and gods in the Wuji aligns closely with that of the Huang-Lao Daoism.
關鍵詞 Keywords
清華簡, 《五紀》, 鬼神, 儒墨, 黃老, The Tsinghua bamboo slip, wuji, ghosts and gods, Confucianism and the Mohist school, Huang-Lao Daoism
語言 Language
Chinese (Traditional)
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香港嶺南大學中文系(編)，上海古籍出版社(出版)
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
參考書目格式 Recommended Citation
袁青 (2025)。清華簡《五紀》與儒、墨、黃老、陰陽的鬼神思想。《嶺南學報》，復刊 第二十三輯，頁141-158。檢自 https://commons.ln.edu.hk/ljcs_new/vol23/iss1/6
備註 Additional Information
本文系國家社科基金一般項目“清華簡《五紀》《參不韋》的文本注釋與思想研究”（23BZX017）的階段性成果。