其他篇名 Alternative Title
From whence comes the wind? Transformations of the concept of Fengyu from admonition and instruction to analogy and satire
摘要 Abstract
華夏先民早就認識到風具有地方性和引導性兩大特徵，由此將“風”作爲德行流衍的象徵，引伸出影響、傳告之意。《毛詩大序》基於這些自然屬性，指出詩歌同時具有化民和刺上的雙重功能，是溝通上下階層的獨特文化資源，“風”由此成爲具有詩學意義的概念。漢人常用的“風諫”等概念也由此具有一定的詩學意味。至於“風諭”最初用來表示中央對地方、尤其是周邊地區的教化，至漢宣帝、劉歆等則用其表示臣下對君主的諫刺。鄭玄將漢人“五諫從諷”説與基於比興的“譬喻”加以整合，由此形成的“諷喻”説强調詩歌的政教性和修辭性，在中古時期影響廣泛。白居易又提出“諷喻詩”的概念，在强調詩歌政教功能的同時，卻强調詩歌語言的直白，與《詩經》學傳統中的“諷諭”説頗爲不同。二者也共同構成宋明以來諷翁説的不同向度。
The ancestral peoples of China long ago recognized two major characteristics of wind: its local nature, and its ability to guide or lead [things]. From this, they developed “wind” as a metaphor for the dissemination of virtue, extending its meaning to that of influence and transmission. Based on these natural attributes, the “Great Preface to the Classic of Poetry” identifies as dual functions of poetry [comprised most prominently by the airs or “winds” feng of the individual states] the civilizing of the people and the admonishment of the ruler, respectively, serving as a unique cultural resource for communication between upper and lower social classes. Through this, “wind” became imbued with poetic significance, and concepts like “wind admonition or remonstrance,” which was commonly used by writers of the Han Dynasty, also gained certain poetic implications. Regarding “wind admonition,” it was initially employed to signify the central government’s moral guidance to local regions, especially border areas, transitioning later during the reigns of Emperor Xuan of Han and Liu Xin to represent subjects’ remonstrance to the ruler. Subsequently, Zheng Xuan (127 – 200) integrated the Han era “five admonitions following instruction” with the idea of analogy based in the classical terminology of simile [bi] and stimulus or metaphor [xing], forming the “admonition with analogy” theory. This emphasizes the political and educational aspects as well as the rhetorical nature of poetry, and exerted broad influence during the medieval period. Bai Juyi (772 – 846) further introduced the concept of “satirical poetry,” emphasizing the directness of poetic language while highlighting the political and pedagogical functions of poetry, which contrasted sharply with the “wind admonition” interpretation that dominated the traditional study of the Classic of Poetry. These two perspectives together constitute two different dimensions of the theory of fengyu as admonition with instruction or metaphor that arose in the Song and Ming dynasties.
關鍵詞 Keywords
諷翁, 諷諫, 《毛詩大序》, 鄭玄, 白居易, Admonition, Remonstrance, Maoshi daxu, Zheng Xuan, Bai Juyi
語言 Language
Chinese (Traditional)
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香港嶺南大學中文系(編)，上海古籍出版社(出版)
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參考書目格式 Recommended Citation
程蘇東 (2024)。風自何方來? : 諷諭説的形成與演變。《嶺南學報》，復刊 第二十二輯，頁151-172。檢自 https://commons.ln.edu.hk/ljcs_new/vol22/iss1/9