其他篇名 Alternative Title
The function of ideological control in Qing-Dynasty academies during the Yongzheng and Qianlong eras
摘要 Abstract
清代書院的數量爲歷代之最，然而在高壓文化政策背景下，世宗、高宗兩代帝王發展書院教育的主要目的其實是將書院改變爲官辦性質，從而使其成爲朝廷鉗制文士思想、監控其言行的平台和工具，目的是以愚民化的方法來增强君主專制權力。兩代帝王先後通過增加提督學政的監察權，提高山長束脩及生員膏火銀，嚴格月課考核，改科舉策論文爲試帖詩，提倡程式化的八股文寫作，廣泛而深入地宣講《聖諭廣訓》等方式，實現對廣大士子思想的鉗制與禁錮。就其實質而論，乃建州落後的奴隸制宗法體系之金字塔式的主奴關係爲其根本，假借儒家倫理觀念爲其外衣，形成社會思想控制的嚴密體系，爲居於頂端之皇權服務。這一系列的措施雖獲得了王朝的一時穩定，但是極大地損害士風和學風，爲晚清的貧弱狀況埋下了禍根，也嚴重地阻止了中國社會近代化的進程。
During the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns of the Qing Dynasty, the number of academies reached an unprecedented level. However, within the context of stringent cultural policies, the primary objective of these emperors was to transform these academies into state-run institutions, thereby turning them into tools for the imperial court to control the thoughts and monitor the behaviors of scholars. This strategy aimed to strengthen monarchical absolutism through the method of keeping the populace unenlightened. The measures implemented included increasing the supervisory powers of the educational commissioners, raising the financial support for academy heads and students, instituting rigorous monthly academic assessments, transforming the content of the civil service examinations from discursive essays to poetry, promoting the formulaic style of the eight-legged essay, and extensively propagating the Sacred Edicts and Amplified Instructions. These actions effectively shackled and confined the intellect of the scholarly community. Essentially, these strategies were rooted in the hierarchical master-slave relations inherent to the backward feudal clan system of the Jurchens, cloaked under the guise of Confucian ethical norms, thereby creating a tight-knit system of social thought control serving the emperor at the apex of power. Although these policies temporarily stabilized the dynasty, they significantly damaged the scholarly ethos and academic integrity, sowed the seeds of the Qing Dynasty's later weakness, and severely hindered the modernization process of Chinese society.
關鍵詞 Keywords
雍正, 乾隆, 書院, 思想鉗制, 文化高壓, Yongzheng, Qianlong, academies, ideological control, cultural oppression
語言 Language
Chinese (Traditional)
版權聲明 Copyright Statement
香港嶺南大學中文系(編)，上海古籍出版社(出版)
共享創意條款 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
參考書目格式 Recommended Citation
雷恩海、田競 (2023)。清代雍乾時期書院的思想鉗制功用。《嶺南學報》，復刊 第二十一輯，頁171-189。檢自 https://commons.ln.edu.hk/ljcs_new/vol21/iss1/6