其他篇名 Alternative Title
The evolution of the governance documents of the Zhou Dynasty : from Instructional Teachings to the Book
摘要 Abstract
傳世典籍中多見“古訓”、“大訓”、“訓典”，前人以其“神話多而史實少，與宋以來的評話體例相似”，爲後世“小説”之祖，核以實例，所論偏頗。通過梳理有限的早期記載，我們能夠發現，就其功能而論，宗周代代傳承的《訓典》（彙編），可謂最早的《書》類文獻；就其“實”而言，稱名逐漸被《書》、《書》的具體篇名和類名（《夏書》、《商書》、《周書》）所替代。换言之，《書》類文獻彙編形態的名與實發生過一次變化。由《訓典》而成了《書》。這一轉换，同《書》學授受形態由依重口耳向口耳與竹帛並行之轉换正相關。就《國語·周語上》所載從穆王到幽王的十數條推測，《書》從《訓典》系統中獨立出來當在厲王以後，最晚至宣幽之際已經存在。值得注意的是，《書》代替了《訓典》的主要功能後，因其制度慣性以及“訓”之國别屬性，諸國“修其《訓典》”的活動依舊存在。
“Ancient teachings,” “grand teachings,” and “instructional teachings” frequently appear in the extant classical texts. Previous scholars have noted their resemblance to the narrative style prevalent from the Song dynasty onward, often laden with myths and sparse in historical facts, dubbing them the precursor of later “novels.” Such interpretations, based mainly on specific examples, seem biased. Through a meticulous examination of early records, we discern that, in terms of their function, the “instructional teachings” (compilations) passed down through the Zhou dynasty can be deemed as the earliest “book” type documents. As for their tangible existence, these titles were gradually superseded by the generic “book,” as well as specific titles and categories such as Book of Xia 夏 書, Book of Shang商書, and Book of Zhou 周書. In other words, there was a transformation in both the name and essence of the compiled form of the “book” type documents. They evolved from “instructional teachings” to “books.” This transition correlates with the shift in the mode of imparting “book” studies, moving from a predominant oral tradition to a combination of oral and written (on bamboo and silk) methods. Drawing inferences from over ten records in the “Discourse of Zhou Part One” of Discourses of the State 國語·周語上, tracing from King Mu to King You, it can be speculated that the “book” emerged as an independent entity from the “instructional teachings” system after the era of King Li and existed at the latest by the reign of King Xuan and King You. Notably, even after the “book” took over the primary function of the “instructional teachings,” due to institutional inertia and the national-specific attributes of “teachings,” individual states continued to amend their instructional teachings.
關鍵詞 Keywords
宗周政典, 《書》, 《訓典》, 厲王, 宣幽之際, Governance documents of Zhou, book, instructional teachings, King Li of Zhou, Xuan-You Era of Zhou
語言 Language
Chinese (Traditional)
版權聲明 Copyright Statement
香港嶺南大學中文系(編)，上海古籍出版社(出版)
共享創意條款 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
參考書目格式 Recommended Citation
趙培 (2023)。宗周政典的名實之轉 : 從《訓典》到《書》。《嶺南學報》，復刊 第二十輯，頁161-179。檢自 https://commons.ln.edu.hk/ljcs_new/vol20/iss1/6
備註 Additional Information
此文系國家社科基金冷門絶學研究專項“孔傳本《古文尚書》成立與流傳形態研究”（項目編號：23VJXG007）的階段性研究成果。