其他篇名 Alternative Title
On the funerals with music in the Wei and Jin dynasties
摘要 Abstract
《世説·任誕篇》載桓子野、袁山松、張湛等好挽歌，劉孝標注引《譙子法訓》，謂樂喪非古制，而孝標疑未能決。譙周之説是。《樂記》所謂“樂者樂也”，表現以安樂之聲爲正的雅樂觀念，在制度上與此相應的是凶禮不用樂，因此在正禮上不存在樂喪。春秋以降，正禮漸衰，樂喪作爲俗禮興於民間，在此推動下，至漢武朝定爲官禮，古制遂廢。與此同時，雅樂衰而新聲興，尚悲之風行於上下，雅樂觀念逐漸被打破。在此趣味中，挽歌漸與喪禮相分，成爲表現哀情的形式，一方面是挽詩的産生，另一方面就是魏晋士人的“樂喪”。而漢末以來，世極迍邅，魏晋士人於深情之外，又别有一種感傷氣質，乃承春秋以來尚悲之風，將其憂生之嗟，一寓於挽歌。劉義慶録其事於“任誕”之門，以名士風流視之，則不免以“樂喪”爲曠達，僅得其迹耳。魏晋“樂喪”之風緣於雅樂觀念的突破，對於以悲爲美的文學傳統的形成也是有推進之功的。
In the “Free and Unrestrained” chapter of A New Account of Tales of the World, there is a record about Huang Ziye 桓子野, Yuan Shansong 袁山松, and Zhang Zhan 張湛 who were interested in elegies. In his annotation of Qiaozi faxun 譙子法訓 (The Principles of Qiaozi), Liu Xiaobiao 劉孝標 doubts Qiao Zhou’s 譙周 assertion and notes elegiac funerals were not part of the ancient institution. The “Record of Music” of Book of Rites notes “the term ‘music’ is derived from the word ‘joy,’” which expresses the concept of yayue 雅樂 (elegant music) that confirms the legitimacy of the sounds of peace and happiness. In contrast in the institution, inauspicious rites did not feature any music. Therefore, elegiac funerals were not part of orthodox rites. Orthodox rites gradually had been in the decline since the Spring and Autumn period. Elegiac funerals became favored in folk rituals insofar as it was institutionalized during Emperor Wu’s reign in the Han dynasty, whereas the ancient rituals were abolished. With the decline of elegant music and the rise of xinsheng 新聲 (new sounds) and the prevalent preference for music that inspired sadness, the concept of elegant music was abandoned. In this process, elegies were separated from funerals and became a musical form for the expression of sorrow, resulting in the creation of elegiac poetry and the yuesang 樂喪 (funerals with music) in the Wei and Jin dynasties. The social turmoil in the late Han dynasty also lent Wei and Jin scholars’ elegies a sentimental note which they also inherited from the prevalent preference for music that inspired sadness in the Spring and Autumn period. Liu Yiqing 劉義慶 categorized these stories under the “Free and Unrestrained” chapter and superficially considered funerals with music only as an unconventional fashion. The prevalence of funerals with music in the Wei and Jin dynasties originated in the break from elegant music and contributed to the formation of a literary aesthetic that inspired sadness.
關鍵詞 Keywords
《世説新語》, 魏晋, 樂喪, 挽歌, 雅樂觀念, A New Account of Tales of the World, Wei and Jin dynasties, yuesang, elegy, yayue
語言 Language
Chinese (Traditional)
版權聲明 Copyright Statement
香港嶺南大學中文系(編)，上海古籍出版社(出版)
共享創意條款 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
參考書目格式 Recommended Citation
羊列榮 (2023)。魏晋士人“樂喪”考論。《嶺南學報》，復刊 第十九輯，頁125-143。檢自 https://commons.ln.edu.hk/ljcs_new/vol19/iss1/7