Lead-time reduction in a two-level supply chain : non-cooperative equilibria vs. coordination with a profit-sharing contract
Document Type
Journal article
Source Publication
International Journal of Production Economics
Publication Date
4-1-2009
Volume
118
Issue
2
First Page
521
Last Page
544
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Keywords
Lead-time reduction, supply chain management, renewal reward theorem, nash game, stackelberg game, cooperation with a profit-sharing contract
Abstract
This paper considers game-theoretic models of lead-time reduction in a two-level supply chain involving a manufacturer and a retailer. The retailer manages her inventory system using the order quantity, reorder point, continuous-review (q, r) policy. To satisfy the retailer's order, the manufacturer sets up his facility, implements a pre-determined production schedule and delivers finished products to the retailer. in our paper, the lead-time consists of three components: setup time, production time and shipping time, each being in a range between minimum and "normal" durations. The first two lead-time components are naturally determined by the manufacturer, whereas the shipping lead time may be chosen by the manufacturer or the retailer. We thus consider two problems according to who decides the shipping lead time, and for each problems in the noncooperative setting, we obtain Pareto-optimal Nash and Stackelberg equilibria. We find that, for all games, the manufacturer should be responsible for the setup time and production time at their normal durations. Next, we develop a simple profit-sharing contract to achieve supply chain coordination. We show that, under our properly designed contract, the two Supply chain members are better off, and thus, they would have no incentive to deviate from the global solution that maximizes the system-wide profit.
DOI
10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.01.002
Print ISSN
09255273
Publisher Statement
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V
Access to external full text or publisher's version may require subscription.
Full-text Version
Publisher’s Version
Language
English
Recommended Citation
Leng, M., & Parlar, M. (2009). Lead-time reduction in a two-level supply chain: Non-cooperative equilibria vs. coordination with a profit-sharing contract. International Journal of Production Economics, 118(2), 521-544. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.01.002